The revolution of artificial intelligence has forced not only the technology sector but also legislators to take action. Although ChatGPT and similar large language models may appear to users to be simple chat programs, an astonishing amount of data processing takes place in the background. The European Union’s legal framework has highlighted that these models raise serious copyright and data protection challenges, which cause significant headaches for developers.

The next stage in the development of AI is no longer simply about artificial intelligence answering questions or making recommendations. So-called AI agents are increasingly capable of acting autonomously on behalf of users: initiating purchases, booking appointments, carrying out financial transactions, or even managing processes across multiple digital systems.

This, however, raises a new question, primarily of a legal nature: how can it be determined whether an AI agent was actually authorised to perform a particular action, and who is liable if it exceeds the limits of its authority?

The market of digital finance and crypto-assets is continuously developing, to which domestic legislation must also dynamically adapt. Act XXXVIII of 2026 on the Repeal of Certain Statutory Provisions Concerning Crypto-Asset Conversion Services, entering into force on 7 August 2026, constitutes a significant milestone in this doctrinal field.

The focus of the legislation is the phasing out of the previously introduced validation obligation, as well as the termination of the related criminal law and administrative authority proceedings, the purpose of which is to establish uniform regulation and to create the conditions for customers to use services in a safe and transparent manner.